Ch. 6
Of circumstances.25
A process of reasoning may be an indifferent
thing; but our judgment concerning it is not
indifferent; for it is either knowledge, or opinion, or
mistake. So the events of life occur indifferently, but
the use of it is not indifferent. When you are told,
therefore, that these things are indifferent, do not, on
that account, ever be careless; nor yet, when you are
governed by prudence, be abject, and dazzled by externals. It is good to know your own qualifications
and powers; that, where you are not qualified, you
may be quiet, and not angry that others have there
the advantage of you. For you too will think it
reasonable, that you should have the advantage in
the art of reasoning; and, if others should be angry
at it, you will tell them, by way of consolation, " This
I have learned, and you have not." Thus too, wherever practice is necessary, do not pretend to what can
only be attained by practice; but leave the matter to
those who are practised, and do you be contented in
your own serenity.
"Go, for instance, and pay your court to such a
person." How? I will not do it abjectly. So I
find myself shut out; for I have not learned to get
in at the window, and finding the door shut, I must
necessarily either go back, or get in at the window.
"But speak to him at least." I am willing. "In
what manner?" Not basely at any rate. "Well,
you have failed." This is not your business, but his.
Why do you claim what belongs to another? Always
remember what is your own, and what is another's,
and you will never be disturbed.
Hence Chrysippus rightly says: While consequences are uncertain, I will keep to those things
which will bring me most in harmony with nature;
for God himself hath formed me to choose this. If I
knew that it was inevitable for me to be sick, I would
conform my inclinations that way; for even the foot,
if it had understanding, would be inclined to get into
the dirt. For why are ears of corn produced, if it be
not to ripen? And why do they ripen, if not to be
reaped? For they are not isolated, individual things.
If they were capable of sense, do you think they
would wish never to be reaped? It would be a curse
upon ears of corn not to be reaped, and we ought to
know that it would be a curse upon man not to die;
like that of not ripening, and not being reaped.
Since, then, it is necessary for us to be reaped, and
we have at the same time understanding to know it,
are we angry at it? This is only because we neither
know what we are, nor have we studied what belongs
to man, as jockeys do what belongs to horses. Yet
Chrysantas, when he was about to strike an enemy,
on hearing the trumpet sound a retreat, drew back
his hand; for he thought it more eligible to obey the
command of his general, than his own inclination.26
But not one of us, even when necessity calls, is ready
and willing to obey it; but we weep and groan over
painful events, calling them our "circumstances."
What circumstances, man? For if you call what
surrounds you circumstances, everything is a circumstance; but if by this you mean hardships,
where is the hardship, that whatever is born must
die? The instrument is either a sword, or a wheel,
or the sea, or a tile, or a tyrant; and what does
it signify to you by what way you descend to
Hades? All are equal; but, if you would hear
the truth, the shortest is that by which a tyrant
sends you. No tyrant was ever six months in
cutting any man's throat; but a fever often takes
a year. All these things are mere sound, and the
tumor of empty names.
" My life is in danger from Caesar."
And am I not in danger, who dwell at Nicopolis,
where there are so many earthquakes? And when
you yourself recross the Adriatic, what is then in
danger? Is it not your life?
"Ay, and my convictions also."
What, your own? How so? Can any one compel
you to have any convictions contrary to your own
inclination?
" But the convictions of others too."
And what danger is it of yours, if others have false
convictions?
" But I am in danger of being banished."
What is it to be banished? Only to be somewhere
else than at Rome.
" Yes; but what if I should be sent to Gyaros? "27
If it be thought best for you, you will go; if not,
there is another place than Gyaros whither you are
sure to go, - where he who now sends you to Gyaros
must go likewise, whether he will or not. Why, then,
do you come to these, as to great trials? They are
not equal to your powers. So that an ingenuous
young man would say, it was not worth while for this
to have read and written so much, and to have sat so
long listening to this old man. Only remember the
distinction between what is your own and what is not
your own, and you will never claim what belongs to
others. Judicial bench or dungeon, each is but a
place, -one high, the other low; but your will is
equal to either condition, and if you have a mind to
keep it so, it may be so kept. We shall then become
imitators of Socrates, when, even in a prison, we are
able to write hymns of praise;28 but as we now are,
consider whether we could even bear to have another
say to us in prison, "Shall I read you a hymn of
praise? " "Why do you trouble me; do you not
know my sad situation? In such circumstances, am
I able to hear hymns? " What circumstances? "I
am going to die." And are all other men to be
immortal?