LESSON XX: Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Middle.
The use of the Future Perfect Indicative Middle
182. The future perfect indicative denotes that an action will be already finished at some future time, as λελύσομαι, I shall have ransomed. This tense is not found in the active voice.
PARADIGMS
183. Learn the conjugation of the first aorist, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative middle of λύω.
| First Aorist Indicative Middle of λύω | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | ἐ-λῡσά-μην |
| Second Person Singular | ἐ-λύσω |
| Third Person Singular | ἐ-λύσα-το |
| Second Person Dual | ἐ-λύσα-σθον |
| Third Person Dual | ἐ-λῡσά-σθην |
| First Person Plural | ἐ-λῡσά-μεθα |
| Second Person Plural | ἐ-λύσα-σθε |
| Third Person Plural | ἐλύσα-ντο |
| Perfect Indicative Middle of λύω | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | λέλυ-μαι |
| Second Person Singular | λέλυ-σαι |
| Third Person Singular | λέλυ-ται |
| Second Person Dual | λέλυ-σθον |
| Third Person Dual | λέλυ-σθον |
| First Person Plural | λελύ-μεθα |
| Second Person Plural | λέλυ-σθε |
| Third Person Plural | λέλυ-νται |
| Pluperfect Indicative Middle of λύω | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | ἐ-λελύ-μην |
| Second Person Singular | ἐ-λέλυ-σο |
| Third Person Singular | ἐ-λέλυ-το |
| Second Person Dual | ἐ-λέλυ-σθον |
| Third Person Dual | ἐ-λελύ-σθην |
| First Person Plural | ἐ-λελύ-μεθα |
| Second Person Plural | ἐ-λέλυ-σθε |
| Third Person Plural | ἐ-λέλυ-ντο |
| Future Perfect Indicative Middle of λύω | |
|---|---|
| First Person Singular | λελύσο-μαι |
| Second Person Singular | λελύσει |
| Third Person Singular | λελύσε-ται |
| Second Person Dual | λελύσε-σθον |
| Third Person Dual | λελύσε-σθον |
| First Person Plural | λελῡσό-μεθα |
| Second Person Plural | λελύσε-σθε |
| Third Person Plural | λελύσο-νται |
Notes on the Aorist, Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Middle.
184. The first aorist middle uses the first aorist stem λῡσα (148).
185. The perfect and pluperfect middle use the perfect middle stem λελυ, formed simply by reduplicating the verb stem. The pluperfect has augment.
186. The future perfect uses the perfect middle stem with σ ο/ε added, λελῡσο/ε. A short final vowel is always lengthened before σ ο/ε.
187. For the personal endings, see 175. The forms ἐλύσω and λελύσει are shortened forms of ἐλῡσα-σο and λελῡσ-σαι.
(The perfect and pluperfect middle and passive of mute verbs are reserved for Lessons XXII. and XXIII.)
Grammar Notes
849. The genitive (as ablative) may denote that from which anything is separated or distinguished. On this principle the genitive follows verbs denoting to remove, restrain, release, cease, fail, differ, give up, and the like. Thus, διέσχον ἀλλήλων ὡς τριάκοντα στάδια, they were about thirty furlongs distant from one another, ἐπέσχον τῆς πορείᾱς, they desisted from marching, πολέμου ἡδέως παύσεται, he will be glad to stop fighting.
836. The accusative may denote extent of time or space. Thus, ἐνταῦθα μένει ἡμέρᾱς ἑπτά, he remained there a week, ἐπορεύοντο σταθμοὺς πέντε, they proceeded five days’ journey.
188. VOCABULARY.
| ἄκρος, ᾱ, ον | at the top, topmost; ἄκρον, neut. as noun, summit. |
| ἀπο-πέμπω | send off or away; mid., send away from oneself, dismiss. |
| ἡδέως | adv., gladly. |
| ὀλίγος, η, ον | little, small; plur., few. |
| ὅλος, η, ον | whole, entire. |
| παρά | prep.: with gen., from beside, from; with dat., beside, with, at; with acc., to the side of, to, near, by. |
| παρασκευή, ῆς, ἡ | preparation, equipment. |
| πάρ-ειμι | be beside or present. |
| παύω, παύσω, ἔπαυσα, πέπαυκα, πέπαυμαι | cause to cease, stop; mid., cease, desist. |
| πέντε | indeclinable, five. |
| σταθμός, οῦ, ὁ | stopping- place, stage, day’s march. |
| Φρυγίᾱ, ᾱς, ἡ | Phrygia. |
189. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
| 1. πεπόρευνται παρὰ τὸν Κῦρον. |
| 2. οὗτος τοῦ πρὸς τοὺς βαρβάρους πολέμου1 ἡδέως πεπαύσεται. |
| 3. τόν τε στρατηγὸν καὶ τὸν σατράπην ἀπεπέμψατο. |
| 4. οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται ἐπεπόρευντο σταθμοὺς2 πέντε διὰ φιλίᾱς χώρᾱς. |
| 5. ὀλίγοι τῶν στρατιωτῶν τὰ ἐπιτήδεια ἠγοράσαντο. |
| 6. οἱ ὁπλῖται πεπόρευνται ἐπὶ τὸ ἄκρον. |
| 7. καὶ ὁ σατράπης μετεπέμψατο ἵππους καὶ ὅπλα καὶ τὴν ἄλλην παρασκευὴν εἰς Φρυγίᾱν. |
| 8. οἱ πολέμιοι οὐκ ἐπαύσαντο τῆς κραυγῆς διὰ ὅλης τῆς ἡμέρᾱς. |
| 9. ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ οὗτοι παρῆσαν, ἐστρατεύσατο Κῦρος εἰς τὴν τῶν πολεμίων χώρᾱν. |
NOTES.—1 from war, a genitive of separation (849).—2 Accusative of extent of space (836).
191. Tissaphernes warns the King. The March begins.
οὗτοι μὲν παρῆσαν αὐτῷ εἰς Σάρδεις. Τισσαφέρνης δὲ ἐπορεύετο παρὰ τὸν Ἀρταξέρξην· οὐ γὰρ ἐνόμιζε τὴν παρασκευὴν ταύτην εἶναι ἐπὶ Πῑσίδᾱς. καὶ Ἀρταξέρξης, ἐπεὶ ταῦτ᾿ ἔλεξε Τισσαφέρνης, ἀντιπαρασκευάζεται.
NOTES.— 1. Σάρδεις: Sardis, accusative plural. The genitive plural Σάρδεων occurs in 6.— 3. εἶναι: to be, present infinitive of εἰμί. Translate, that it was, etc.— 5. ἔχων: having, present participle, = with.— ἐξ-ελαύνει: the verb ἐλαύνω here means march. Use the map in following the route of the expedition.— 7. ἐπ-ῆν: imperfect of ἔπ-ειμι, be on or over.
