LESSON XV: Analysis of the Primary Tenses of the Indicative Active.
Stems, Suffixes and Endings
135. To the verb stem (54) different TENSE SUFFIXES are added to form the TENSE STEMS of the verb, as λύω, stem λῡ, present tense suffix ο or ε (for convenience written ο/ε), present tense stem λῡο or λῡε (λῡ ο/ε.
136. To form the complete tenses, PERSONAL ENDINGS are added to the different tense stems. These distinguish the different persons of the verb. The personal endings of the primary (50) tenses in the active voice are :
SINGULAR. | DUAL. | PLURAL. | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | -μι | -μεν | |
2 | -σ(σι) | -τον | -τε |
3 | -σι(τι) | -τον | -νσι |
137. Review the conjugation of the present, future, and first perfect indicative active of λύω.
λύω (PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE) | |
---|---|
First Person Singular | λύω |
Second Person Singular | λύεις |
Third Person Singular | λύει |
Second Person Dual | λύε-τον |
Third Person Dual | λύε-τον |
First Person Plural | λύο-μεν |
Second Person Plural | λύε-τε |
Third Person Plural | λύουσι |
λύω (IMPERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE) | |
---|---|
First Person Singular | ἔ-λῡο-ν |
Second Person Singular | ἔ-λῡο-ν |
Third Person Singular | ἔ-λῡε |
Second Person Dual | ἐ-λύε-τον |
Third Person Dual | ἐ-λῡέ-την |
First Person Plural | ἐ-λύο-μεν |
Second Person Plural | ἐ-λύε-τε |
Third Person Plural | ἔ-λῡο-ν |
λύω (PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE) | |
---|---|
First Person Singular | λέλυκα |
Second Person Singular | λέλυκα-ς |
Third Person Singular | λέλυκε |
Second Person Dual | λελύκα-τον |
Third Person Dual | λελύκα-τον |
First Person Plural | λελύκα-μεν |
Second Person Plural | λελύκα-τε |
Third Person Plural | λελύκᾱσι |
The Stems of λύω
138. The present stem of λύω is λῡ ο/ε (135); λῡο occurs before μ or ν in the endings, elsewhere λῡε. In the singular, the terminations ω, εις, ει, are difficult to analyze, but in the dual and plural, the tense stem and personal endings are easily distinguished. λύουσι is for λῡο-νσι.
139. The future stem of λύω is λύσ ο/ε, formed by adding the tense suffix σο or σε (σ ο/ε) to the verb stem.
140. The first perfect stem of λύω is λε-λυκα, formed by reduplicating the verb-stem λυ and adding the tense suffix κα. The endings μι and σι are dropped, and in the third singular final α is changed to ε. λελύκᾱσι is for λελυκα-νσι.
141. VOCABULARY.
ἄγγελος, ου, ὁ | messenger, scout. |
ἀντί | prep. with gen., instead of. |
ἀπό | prep. with gen., off from, from. |
ἀτῑμάζω (ἀτιμαδ), ἀτῑάσω, ἠτίμασα, ἠτίμακα | dishonor, disgrace. |
δίκη, ης, ἡ | justice, punishment. |
ἐπεί | conj., when, since. |
ἐπιστολή, ῆς, ἡ | letter. |
θηρεύω, θηρεύσω, ἐθήρευσα, τεθήρευκα (cf. θηρίον) | hunt wild beasts, hunt, catch. |
ὄλεθρος, ου, ὁ | destruction, loss. |
οὕτως | (before a vowel), οὕτω (before a consonant), adv., thus, so. |
πάλιν | adv., back, again. |
φίλος, ου, ὁ (cf. φίλιος) | friend. |
142. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
1. ὁπλίτᾱς ἤχᾱσιν ἀντὶ τοξοτῶν. |
2. τοῖς συμμάχοις οὕτως ἐπιβουλεύετε. |
3. Κῦρον δὲ ἠτίμακε. |
4. θηρία ἀπὸ ἵππου (on horseback) τεθήρευκα. |
5. τὰς ἐπιστολὰς πέμψομεν τοῖς φίλοις; |
6. Κλέαρχος, ὦ στρατιῶται, ἐπεὶ τοὺς ὅρκους λέλυκε, τὴν δίκην ἔχει. |
7. τὴν δὲ χώρᾱν ἡρπάκαμεν διὰ τὸν ὄλεθρον τῶν στρατιωτῶν. |
8. τὸν ἄγγελον πέμπει πάλιν ἐπὶ τὸ ἰσχῡρὸν χωρίον. |
144. Cyrus escapes with his Life, and plots against his Brother.
οὕτω δὴ (then) ἠτίμαζε τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἀρταξέρξης. ἡ δὲ
μήτηρ λύει Κῦρον καὶ ἀποπέμπει πάλιν
ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχήν. Κῦρος δὲ ἐπεὶ ἧκεν εἰς τὴν Λῡδίᾱν,
βουλεύει ὅπως βασιλεύσει (how he shall be king, to be king)