LESSON XII: Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative Active
What are the Perfect and the Pluperfect?
The perfect tense is used to describe completed action in the present time (i.e. I have studied Greek). The pluperfect tense is used to describe completed action in the past time (i.e. I had studied Greek).
Reduplication in the Perfect and the Pluperfect
105. The perfect and pluperfect, in all the moods, have a REDUPLICATION, which is the mark of completed action.
106. Verbs beginning with a single consonant (except ρ) are reduplicated in the perfect by prefixing that consonant followed by ε, as λύω, λέ-λυκα. A rough mute (7) is changed to the cognate (8) smooth, as θύω, sacrifice, τέ-θυκα.
107. In verbs beginning with two consonants (except a mute and a liquid), with a double consonant (ξ ψ ζ), or with ρ, the reduplication is represented by a simple ε, as στρατεύω, make an expedition, ἐστράτευκα.
108. In verbs beginning with a short vowel or diphthong the reduplication has the form of the temporal augment (67, 2), as ἁρπάζω, ἥρπακα.
109. When the reduplicated perfect begins with a consonant, the pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment ε to the reduplication, as λέλυκα, ἐλελύκη. In other cases the pluperfect generally keeps the reduplication of the perfect without change, as ἥρπακα, ἡρπάκη.
110. PARADIGMS.
First Perfect Indicative Of λύω | ||
---|---|---|
First Person Singular | λέλυκα | I have loosed |
Second Person Singular | λέλυκας | you have loosed |
Third Person Singular | λέλυκε | he has loosed |
Second Person Dual | λελύκατον | |
Third Person Dual | λελύκατον | |
First Person Plural | λελύκαμεν | we have loosed |
Second Person Plural | λελύκατε | you have loosed |
Third Person Plural | λελύκᾱσι | they have loosed |
First Pluperfect Indicative Of λύω | ||
---|---|---|
First Person Singular | ἐλελύκη | I had loosed |
Second Person Singular | ἐλελύκης | you had loosed |
Third Person Singular | ἐλελύκει | he had loosed |
Second Person Dual | ἐλελύκετον | |
Third Person Dual | ἐλελυκέτην | |
First Person Plural | ἐλελύκεμεν | we had loosed |
Second Person Plural | ἐλελύκετε | you had loosed |
Third Person Plural | ἐλελύκεσαν | they had loosed |
FIRST PERFECT OF ἁρπάζω | |
---|---|
First Person Singular | ἥρπακα |
Second Person Singular | ἥρπακας |
Third Person Singular | ἥρπακε |
Second Person Dual | ἡρπάκατον |
Third Person Dual | ἡρπάκατον |
First Person Plural | ἡρπάκεμεν |
Second Person Plural | ἡρπάκατε |
Third Person Plural | ἡρπάκᾱσι |
FIRST PLUPERFECT OF ἁρπάζω | |
---|---|
First Person Singular | ἡρπάκη |
Second Person Singular | ἡρπάκης |
Third Person Singular | ἡρπάκει |
Second Person Dual | ἡρπάκετον |
Third Person Dual | ἡρπακέτην |
First Person Plural | ἡρπάκεμεν |
Second Person Plural | ἡρπάκετε |
Third Person Plural | ἡρπάκεσαν |
Endings for the Perfect and the Pluperfect
111. The first perfect adds κα, the first pluperfect κη, to the reduplicated theme.
112. In vowel verbs the stem may not be affected by adding κα and κη, as βουλεύω, βεβούλευ-κα, ἐβεβουλεύ-κη, κελεύω, κεκέλευ-κα, ἐκεκελεύ-κη.
a. ἔχω has the irregular forms ἔσχηκα, ἐσχήκη.
113. Verbs whose stem ends in a τ-mute (τ δ θ) drop the mute before κα and κη, as ἀθροίζω (ἀθροιδ), ἤθροι-κα, ἠθροί-κη.
The Second Perfect and Pluperfect
114. Some verbs whose stem ends in a π-mute (π β φ) or a κ-mute (κ γ χ) add α and η instead of κα and κη, and aspirate the final letter of the stem, changing π and β to φ, and κ and γ to χ, as
πέμπω, πέπομφ-α (with change of ε of the stem to ο), ἐπεπόμφ-η. διώκω, δεδίωχ-α, ἐδεδιώχ-η. ἄγω, ἦχ-α, ἤχ-η.
115. The perfects and pluperfects just described (114) are called SECOND perfects and pluperfects.
116. VOCABULARY.
δι-αρπάζω, δι-αρπάσω, δι-ήρπασα, διήρπακα | plunder completely, sack. |
θύω, θύσω, ἔθῡσα, τέθυκα | sacrifice. |
στρατεύω, στρατεύσω, ἐστράτευσα, ἐστράτευκα (cf. στρατιά, στρατιώτης) | make an expedition. |
δᾱρεικός, οῦ, ὁ | daric (a gold coin). |
θεός, οῦ, ὁ, ἡ | god, goddess. |
Κλέαρχος, ου, ὁ | Clearchus. |
ὅρκος, ου, ὁ | oath. |
φόβος, ου (cf. φοβερός), ὁ | fear. |
γάρ | conj., for (a postpositive). |
διά | prep.: with gen., through; with acc., on account of. |
πρός | prep.: with gen., over against; with dat., at; with acc., to, against, towards. |
117. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
1. ἐσχήκατε. |
2. ἐλελύκει. |
3. ἐστρατεύκᾱσι. |
4. τέθυκε. |
5. ἐσχήκη. |
6. ἡρπάκαμεν. |
7. διηρπάκεσαν. |
8. πέπομφας. |
9. ἐκεκελεύκεσαν. |
10. ἐπιβεβουλεύκᾱσι. |
11. τοὺς πολεμίους δεδιώχαμεν διὰ τῶν κωμῶν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν. |
12. καὶ τὰς ἁμάξᾱς οἱ βάρβαροι διηρπάκεσαν. |
13. τριᾱκοσίους δᾱρεικοὺς ἐπεπόμφεμεν τοῖς ὁπλίταις. |
14. Κλέαρχος δὲ ἐπεβεβουλεύκει τοῖς Πέρσαις. |
15. οἱ στρατιῶται τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἤχεσαν πρὸς Κῦρον. |
16. οὐκ ἐκεκελεύκει ὁ Κλέαρχος τοὺς στρατιώτᾱς θύειν. |
17. ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν πολεμίων χώρᾱν ἐστρατεύκατε. |
18. λελύκᾱσι τοὺς (their) ὅρκους οἱ στρατηγοί· οὐ γὰρ τεθύκᾱσι τοῖς θεοῖς. |
19. ἤθροικας, ὦ Κῦρε, ἐπὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους τοὺς πελταστὰς καὶ τοὺς τοξότᾱς. |
20. οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται τὰς ἁμάξᾱς ἐλελύκεσαν διὰ τὸν (their) τῶν πολεμίων φόβον. |