PART FIRSTWORDS AND FORMS

PRONOUNS

Pronouns are used as Nouns or as Adjectives. They are divided into the following seven classes:

1. Personal Pronouns: as, ego, I.

2. Reflexive Pronouns: as, s, himself.

3. Possessive Pronouns: as, meus, my.

4. Demonstrative Pronouns: as, hc, this; ille, that.

5. Relative Pronouns: as, qu, who.

6. Interrogative Pronouns: as, quis, who?

7. Indefinite Pronouns: as, aliquis, some one.

Pronouns have special forms of declension.

NOTE.These special forms are, in general, survivals of a very ancient form of declension differing from that of nouns.

Personal Pronouns

The Personal pronouns of the first person are ego, I, ns, we; of the second person, t, thou or you, vs, ye or you. The personal pronouns of the third personhe, she, it, theyare wanting in Latin, a demonstrative being sometimes used instead.

Ego and t are declined as follows:

FIRST PERSON
	Singular	Plural
NOM.	ego, I	ns, we
GEN.	me, of me	nostrum, nostr, of us
DAT.	mihi (m), to me	nbs, to us
ACC.	m, me	ns, us
ABL.	m, by me	nbs, by us

SECOND PERSON
NOM	t, thou or you	vs, ye or you
GEN.	tu, of thee or you	vestrum, vestr; vostrum (-tr)
DAT.	tibi	vbs
ACC.	t	vs
ABL.	t	vbs

The plural ns is often used for the singular ego; the plural vs is never so used for the singular t. [p. 64]

NOTE.Old forms are genitive ms, ts; accusative and ablative md, td (cf. 43. N. 1).

The forms nostrum, vestrum, etc., are used partitively:
nusquisque nostrum, each one of us.
vestrum omnium, of all of you.

NOTE.The forms of the genitive of the personal pronouns are really the genitives of the possessives: me, tu, su, nostr, vestr, genitive singular neuter: nostrum, vestrum, genitive plural masculine or neuter. So in early and later Latin we find na vestrrum, one of you (women).

The genitives me, tu, su, nostri, vestr, are chiefly used objectively ( 347):
memor ss nostr, be mindful of us (me).
m tu pudet, I am ashamed of you.

Emphatic forms of t are tte and ttemet (ttimet). The other cases of the personal pronouns, excepting the genitive plural, are made emphatic by adding -met: as, egomet, vsmet.

NOTE.Early emphatic forms are mpte and tpte.

Reduplicated forms are found in the accusative and ablative singular: as, mm, tt.

The preposition cum, with, is joined enclitically with the ablative: as, tcum loquitur, he talks with you.

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns are used in the Oblique Cases to refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which they stand (see 299): as, s amat, he loves himself.

In the first and second persons the oblique cases of the Personal pronouns are used as Reflexives: as, m vide, I see myself; t lauds, you praise yourself; nbs persudmus, we persuade ourselves.

The Reflexive pronoun of the third person has a special form used only in this sense, the same for both singular and plural. It is thus declined:
GEN. su, of himself, herself, itself, themselves
DAT. sibi, to himself, herself, itself, themselves
ACC. s (ss), himself, herself, itself, themselves
ABL. s (ss), [by] himself, herself, itself, themselves

NOTE 1.Emphatic and reduplicated forms of s are made as in the personals (see 143. d, e). The preposition cum is added enclitically: as, scum, with himself. etc.

NOTE 2.An old form sd occurs in the accusative and ablative. [p. 65]

Possessive Pronouns

The Possessive pronouns are:

FIRST	PERSON.	meus, my	noster, our
SECOND	PERSON.	tuus, thy, your	vester, your
THIRD	PERSON.	suus, his, her, its	suus, their

These are really adjectives of the First and Second Declensions, and are so declined (see 110-112). But meus has regularly m (rarely meus) in the vocative singular masculine.

NOTE.Suus is used only as a reflexive, referring to the subject. For a possessive pronoun of the third person not referring to the subject, the genitive of a demonstrative must be used. Thus, patrem suum occdit, he killed his (own) father; but patrem ius occdit, he killed his (somebody else's) father.

Emphatic forms in -pte are found in the ablative singular: supte.

A rare possessive cius (quius), -a, -um, whose, is formed from the genitive singular of the relative or interrogative pronoun (qu, quis). It may be either interrogative or relative in force according to its derivation, but is usually the former.

The reciprocals one another and each other are expressed by inter s or alter ... alterum:
alter alterus va frangit, they break each other's eggs (one ... of the other).
inter s amant, they love one another (they love among themselves).

Demonstrative Pronouns

The Demonstrative Pronouns are used to point out or designate a person or thing for special attention, either with nouns as Adjectives or alone as Pronouns. They are:hc, this; is, ille, iste, that; with the Intensive ipse, self, and dem, same; ⁷³ and are thus declined:

hc, this

		SINGULAR			PLURAL
	M.	F.	N.	M.	F.	N.
NOM.	hc	haec	hc	h	hae	haec
GEN.	hius	hius	hius	hrum	hrum	hrum
DAT.	huic	huic	huic	hs	hs	hs
ACC.	hunc	hanc	hc	hs	hs	haec
ABL.	hc	hc	hc	hs	hs	hs

[p. 66]

NOTE 1.Hc is a compound of the stem ho- with the demonstrative enclitic -ce. In most of the cases final e is dropped, in some the whole termination. But in these latter it is sometimes retained for emphasis: as, hius-ce, hs-ce. In early Latin -c alone is retained in some of these (hrunc). The vowel in hc, hc, was originally short, and perhaps this quantity was always retained. Ille and iste are sometimes found with the same enclitic: illic, illaec, illuc; also illoc. See a, p. 67.

NOTE 2.For the dative and ablative plural of hc the old form hbus is sometimes found; haec occurs (rarely) for hae.

is, that

		SINGULAR			PLURAL
	M.	F.	N.	M.	F.	N.
NOM.	is	ea	id	e, i ()	eae	ea
GEN.	ius	ius	ius	erum	erum	erum
DAT.	e	e	e	es, is (s)	es, is (s)	es,is (s)
ACC.	eum	eam	id	es	es	ea
ABL.	e	e	e	es, is (s)	es, is (s)	es,is (s)

NOTE 3.Obsolete forms are eae (dat. fem.), and ebus or bus (dat. plur.). For dative e are found also and ei (monosyllabic); ei, eos, etc., also occur in the plural.

ille, that

		SINGULAR			PLURAL
	M.	F.	N.	M.	F.	N.
NOM.	ille	illa	illud	ill	illae	illa
GEN.	illus	illus	illus	illrum	illrum	illrum
DAT.	ill	ill	ill	ills	ills	ills
ACC.	illum	illam	illud	ills	ills	illa
ABL.	ill	ill	ill	ills	ills	ills

Iste, ista, istud, that (yonder), is declined like ille.

NOTE 4.Ille replaces an earlier ollus (olle), of which several forms occur.

NOTE 5.Iste is sometimes found in early writers in the form ste etc. The first syllable of ille and ipse is very often used as short in early poetry.

NOTE 6.The forms ill, ist (gen.), and illae, istae (dat.), are sometimes found; also the nominative plural istaece, illaece (for istae, illae). See a, p. 67.

ipse, self

		SINGULAR			PLURAL
	M.	F.	N.	M.	F.	N.
NOM.	ipse	ipsa	ipsum	ips	ipsae	ipsa
GEN.	ipsus	ipsus	ipsus	ipsrum	ipsrum	ipsrum
DAT.	ips	ips	ips	ipss	ipss	ipss
ACC.	ipsum	ipsam	ipsum	ipss	ipss	ipsa
ABL.	ips	ips	ips	ipss	ipss	ipss

[p. 67]

NOTE 7.Ipse is compounded of is and -pse (a pronominal particle of uncertain origin: cf. 145. a), meaning self. The former part was originally declined, as in repse (for r epse), in fact. An old form ipsus occurs, with superlative ipsissimus, own self, used for comic effect.

NOTE 8.The intensive -pse is found in the forms eapse (nominative), eumpse, eampse, epse, epse (ablative).

dem, the same

		SINGULAR			PLURAL
	M.	F.	N.	M.	F.	N.
NOM.	dem	edem	dem	dem (e-)	eaedem	edem
GEN.	iusdem	iusdem	iusdem	erundem	erundem	erundem
DAT.	edem	edem	edem	esdem or sdem
ACC.	eundem	eandem	dem	esdem	esdem	edem
ABL.	edem	edem	edem	esdem or sdem

NOTE 9.dem is the demonstrative is with the indeclinable suffix -dem. The mas<*>uline dem is for isdem; the neuter idem, however, is not for iddem, but is a relic of an older formation. A final m of is is changed to n before d: as, eundem for eumdem, etc. The plural forms dem, sdem, are often written idem, isdem.

Ille and iste appear in combination with the demonstrative particle -c, shortened from -ce, in the following forms:

			SINGULAR
	M.	F.	N.	M.	F.	N.
NOM.	illic	illaec	illuc (illoc)	istic	istaec	istuc (istoc)
ACC.	illunc	illanc	illuc (illoc)	istunc	istanc	istuc (istoc)
ABL.	illc	illc	illc	istc	istc	istc
			PLURAL
N., ACC.	----	----	illaec	----	----	istaec

NOTE 1.The appended -ce is also found with pronouns in numerous combinations: as, hiusce, hunce, hrunce, hrunce, hsce, hsce (cf. 146. N. 1), illusce, sce; also with the interrogative -ne, in hcine, hscine, istucine, illicine, etc.

NOTE 2.By composition with ecce or em, behold! are formed eccum (for ecce eum), eccam, eccs, eccs; eccillum (for ecce illum); ellum (for em illum), ellam, ells, ells; eccistam. These forms are dramatic and colloquial.

The combinations hiusmod (hiuscemod), iusmod, etc., are used as indeclinable adjectives, equivalent to tlis, such: as, rs iusmod, such a thing (a thing of that sort: cf. 345. a).

For uses of the Demonstrative Pronouns, see 296 ff. [p. 68]

Relative Pronouns

The Relative Pronoun qu, who, which, is thus declined:

		SINGULAR			PLURAL
	M.	F.	N.	M.	F.	N.
NOM.	qu	quae	quod	qu	quae	quae
GEN.	cius	cius	cius	qurum	qurum	qurum
DAT.	cui	cui	cui	quibus	quibus	quibus
ACC.	quem	quam	quod	qus	qus	quae
ABL.	qu	qu	qu	quibus	quibus	quibus

Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns

The Substantive Interrogative Pronoun quis, who? quid, what? is declined in the Singular as follows:

	M., F.	N.
NOM.	quis	quid
GEN.	cius	cius
DAT.	cui	cui
ACC.	quem	quid
ABL.	qu	qu

The Plural is the same as that of the Relative, qu, quae, quae.

The singular quis is either masculine or of indeterminate gender, but in old writers it is sometimes distinctly feminine.

The Adjective Interrogative Pronoun, qu, quae, quod, what kind of? what? which? is declined throughout like the Relative:

SUBSTANTIVE	ADJECTIVE
quis vocat, who calls?	qu hom vocat, what man calls?
quid vids, what do you see?	quod templum vids, what temple do you see?

NOTE.But qu is often used without any apparent adjective force; and quis is very common as an adjective, especially with words denoting a person: as, qu nminat m? who calls my name? quis dis fuit? what day was it? quis hom? what man? but often qu hom? what kind of man? nesci qu ss, I know not who you are.

Quisnam, pray, who? is an emphatic interrogative. It has both substantive and adjective forms like quis, qu.

The Indefinite Pronouns quis, any one, and qu, any, are declined like the corresponding Interrogatives, but qua is commonly used for quae except in the nominative plural feminine: [p. 69]

SUBSTANTIVE:	quis, any one; quid, anything.
ADJECTIVE:	qu, qua (quae), quod, any.

The feminine forms qua and quae are sometimes used substantively.

The indefinites quis and qu are rare except after s, nisi, n, and num, and in compounds (see 310. a, b).

NOTE.After these particles qu is often used as a substantive and quis as an adjective (cf. 148. b. N.).

Case-Forms of qu and quis

The Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns are originally of the same stem, and most of the forms are the same (compare 147 with 148). The stem has two forms in the masculine and neuter, quo-, qui-, and one for the feminine, qu-. The interrogative sense is doubtless the original one.

Old forms for the genitive and dative singular are quius, quoi.

The form qu is used for the ablative of both numbers and all genders; but especially as an adverb (how, by which way, in any way), and in the combination qucum, with whom, as an interrogative or an indefinite relative.

A nominative plural qus (stem qui-) occurs in early Latin. A dative and ablative plural qus (stem quo-) is found even in classic Latin.

The preposition cum is joined enclitically to all forms of the ablative, as with the personal pronouns ( 143. f): as, qucum, qucum, quibuscum.

NOTE.But occasionally cum precedes: as, cum qu (Iuv. 4.9).

Compounds of quis and qu

The pronouns quis and qu appear in various combinations.

The adverb -cumque (-cunque) (cf. quisque) added to the relative makes an indefinite relative, which is declined like the simple word: as, qucumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, whatever; ciuscumque, etc.

NOTE.This suffix, with the same meaning, may be used with any relative: as, quliscumque, of whatever sort; quandcumque (also rarely quandque), whenever; ubicumque, wherever.

In quisquis, whoever, both parts are declined, but the only forms in common use are quisquis, quidquid (quicquid) and ququ.

NOTE 1.Rare forms are quemquem and quibusquibus; an ablative ququ is sometimes found in early Latin; the ablative feminine ququ is both late and rare. Cuicui occurs as a genitive in the phrase cuicui mod, of whatever kind. Other cases are cited, but have no authority. In early Latin quisquis is occasionally feminine.

NOTE 2.Quisquis is usually substantive, except in the ablative ququ, which is more commonly an adjective. [p. 70]

The indefinite pronouns qudam, a certain (one); quvs, qulibet, any you please, are used both as substantives and as adjectives. The first part is declined like the relative qu, but the neuter has both quid- (substantive) and quod- (adjective):

qudam	quaedam	quiddam (quoddam)
quvs	quaevs	quidvs (quodvs)

Qudam changes m to n before d in the accusative singular (quendam, M.; quandam, F.) and the genitive plural (qurundam, M., N.; qurundam, F.).

The indefinite pronouns quispiam, some, any, and quisquam, any at all, are used both as substantives and as adjectives. Quispiam has feminine quaepiam (adjective), neuter quidpiam (substantive) and quodpiam (adjective); the plural is very rare. Quisquam is both masculine and feminine; the neuter is quidquam (quicquam), substantive only; there is no plural. llus, -a, -um, is commonly used as the adjective corresponding to quisquam.

The indefinite pronoun aliquis (substantive), some one, aliqu (adjective), some, is declined like quis and qu, but aliqua is used instead of aliquae except in the nominative plural feminine:

		SINGULAR
	M.	F.	N.
NOM.	aliquis (aliqu)	aliqua	aliquid (aliquod)
GEN.	alicius	alicius	alicius
DAT.	alicui	alicui	alicui
ACC.	aliquem	aliquam	aliquid (aliquod)
ABL.	aliqu	aliqu	aliqu
		PLURAL
NOM.	aliqu	aliquae	aliqua
GEN.	aliqurum	aliqurum	aliqurum
DAT.	aliquibus	aliquibus	aliquibus
ACC.	aliqus	aliqus	aliqua
ABL.	aliquibus	aliquibus	aliquibus

NOTE.Aliqu is sometimes used substantively and aliquis as an adjective.

The indefinite pronoun ecquis (substantive), whether any one, ecqu (adjective), whether any, is declined like aliquis, but has either ecquae or ecqua in the nominative singular feminine of the adjective form.

NOTE.Ecquis (ecqu) has no genitive singular, and in the plural occurs in the nominative and accusative only.

The enclitic particle -que added to the interrogative gives a universal: as, quisque, every one; uterque, each of two, or both. Quisque is declined [p. 71]

like the interrogative quis, qu:substantive, quisque, quidque; adjective, quque, quaeque, quodque.

In the compound nusquisque, every single one, both parts are declined (genitive unusciusque), and they are sometimes written separately and even separated by other words:
n in n quidem quque (Lael. 92), not even in a single one.

The relative and interrogative have rarely a possessive adjective cius (-a, -um), older quius, whose; and a patrial cis (cit-), of what country.

Quantus, how great, qulis, of what sort, are derivative adjectives from the interrogative. They are either interrogative or relative, corresponding respectively to the demonstratives tantus, tlis ( 152). Indefinite compounds are quantuscumque and quliscumque (see 151. a).

Correlatives

Many Pronouns, Pronominal Adjectives, and Adverbs have corresponding demonstrative, relative, interrogative, and indefinite forms. Such parallel forms are called Correlatives. They are shown in the following table:

DEMON.	REL.	INTERROG.	INDEF. REL.	INDEF.
is	qu	quis?	quisquis	aliquis
that	who	who?	whoever	some one
tantus	quantus	quantus?	quantuscumque	aliquantus
so great	how (as) great	how great?	however great	some
tlis	qulis	qulis?	quliscumque	----
such	as	of what sort?	of whatever kind
ibi	ubi	ubi?	ubiubi	alicubi
there	where	where?	wherever	somewhere
e	qu	qu?	ququ	aliqu
thither	whither	whither?	whithersoever	(to) somewhere
e	qu	qu?	ququ	aliqu
that way	which way	which way?	whithersoever	somewhere
inde	unde	unde?	undecumque	alicunde
thence	whence	whence?	whencesoever	from somewhere
tum	cum	quand?	quandcumque	aliquand
then	when	when?	whenever	at some time
tot	quot	quot?	quotquot	aliquot
so many	as	how many?	however many	some, several
totins	quotins	quotins?	quotinscumque	aliquotins
so often	as	how often?	however often	at several times

[p. 72]