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LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM (b. Leipzig,
Germany, 1 July 1646; d. Hannover, Germany,
14 November 1716), mathematics, philosophy, metaphysics.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1843-1847; Hildesheim, 1966); A. Foucher de Careil, ed.,
Leibniz. Oeuvres, 7 vols. (Paris, 1859-1875; Hildesheim,
1969); C. I. Gerhardt, ed., G. W. Leibniz. Mathematische
Schriften, 7 vols. (Berlin-Halle, 1849-1863; Hildesheim,
1962). An index to the edition has been compiled by
J. E. Hofmann (Hildesheim, 1971); C. I. Gerhardt, ed.,
Die philosophischen Schriften von G. W. Leibniz, 7 vols.
(Berlin, 1875-1890; Hildesheim, 1960-1961); G. E. Guhrauer,
ed., G. W. Leibniz. Deutsche Schriften, 2 vols.
(Berlin, 1838-1840; Hildesheim, 1966); J. G. Eckhart,
ed., G. W. Leibniz. Collectanea etymologica (Hannover,
1717; Hildesheim, 1970); A. Foucher de Careil, ed.,
Lettres et opuscules inédits de Leibniz (Paris, 1854;
Hildesheim,
1971); A. Foucher de Careil, ed., Nouvelles lettres et
opuscules inédits de Leibniz (Paris, 1857; Hildesheim,
1971); C. Haas, ed. and tr., Theologisches System (Tübingen,
1860; Hildesheim, 1966); C. L. Grotefend, ed.,
Briefwechsel zwischen Leibniz, Arnauld und dem Landgrafen
Ernst von Hessen-Rheinfels (Hannover, 1846); C. I. Gerhardt,
ed., Briefwechsel zwischen Leibniz und Christian
Wolff (Halle, 1860; Hildesheim, 1963); E. Bodemann, ed.,
Die Leibniz-Handschriften der Königlichen öffentlichen
Bibliothek zu Hannover (Hannover, 1889; Hildesheim,
1966); and Der Briefwechsel des G. W. Leibniz in der
Königlichen öffentlichen Bibliothek zu Hannover (Hannover,
1895; Hildesheim, 1966); C. I. Gerhardt, ed., Der Briefwechsel
von G. W. Leibniz mit Mathematikern (Berlin,
1899; Hildesheim, 1962); L. Couturat, ed., Opuscules et
fragments inédits de Leibniz (Paris, 1903; Hildesheim,
1966); E. Gerland, ed., Leibnizens nachgelassene Schriften
physikalischen, mechanischen und technischen Inhalts (Leipzig,
1906); H. Lestienne, ed., G. W. Leibniz. Discours de
métaphysique (Paris, 1907, 2nd ed., 1929; Paris, 1952);
I. Jagodinskij, ed., Leibnitiana elementa philosophiae arcanae
de summa rerum (Kazan, 1913); P. Schrecker, ed.,
G. W. Leibniz. Lettres et fragments inédits sur les
problèmes
philosophiques, théologiques, politiques de la réconciliation
des doctrines protestantes (1669-1704) (Paris, 1934);
G. Grua, ed., G. W. Leibniz. Textes inédits, 2 vols. (Paris,
1948); W. von Engelhardt, ed. and tr., G. W. Leibniz.
Protogaea, in Leibniz. Werke (W. E. Peuckert, ed.), vol. I
(Stuttgart, 1949); A. Robinet, ed., G. W. Leibniz. Principes
de la nature et de la grâce fondés en raison. Principes de la
philosophie ou monadologie. Publiés intégralement
d'après
les manuscrits de Hanovre, Vienne et Paris et présentés
d'après des lettres inédits (Paris, 1954); and
Correspondance
Leibniz-Clarke. Présentés d'après les manuscrits
originales
des bibliothèques de Hanovre et de Londres (Paris, 1957);
G. le Roy, ed., Leibniz. Discours de métaphysique et
correspondance
avec Arnauld (Paris, 1957); O. Saame, ed. and
tr., G. W. Leibniz. Confessio philosophi. Ein Dialog (Frankfurt,
1967); J. Brunschwig, ed., Essais de Théodicée sur la
bonté de Dieu, la liberté de l'homme et l'origine du mal
(Paris, 1969).
There are translations of single works, especially into
English and German. English translations (including
selections): Philosophical Works, G. M. Duncan, ed. and
tr. (New Haven, 1890); The Monadology and Other Philosophical
Writings, R. Latta, ed. and tr. (Oxford, 1898);
New Essays Concerning Human Understanding, A. G.
Langley, ed. and tr. (Chicago, 1916, 1949); Discourse on
Metaphysics, P. G. Lucas and L. Grint, ed. and tr. (Manchester,
1953; 2nd ed. 1961); Philosophical Writings,
M. Morris, ed. and tr. (London, 1934, 1968); Theodicy,
E. M. Huggard and A. Farrer, ed. and tr. (London, 1951);
Selections, P. P. Wiener, ed. (New York, 1951; 2nd ed.
1971); Philosophical Papers and Letters, L. E. Loemker,
ed. and tr., 2 vols. (Chicago, 1956; 2nd ed. Dordrecht,
1969); The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, H. G. Alexander,
ed. (Manchester, 1956); Monadology and Other Philosophical
Essays, P. and A. Schrecker, ed. and tr. (Indianapolis,
1965); Logical Papers, G. H. R. Parkinson, ed. and
tr. (Oxford, 1966); The Leibniz-Arnauld Correspondence,
H. T. Mason, ed. and tr. (Manchester-New York, 1967);
General Investigations Concerning the Analysis of Concepts
and Truths, W. H. O'Brian, ed. and tr. (Athens, Ga.,
1968).
German translations (including selections) are Handschriften
zur Grundlegung der Philosophie, E. Cassirer, ed.,
A. Buchenau, tr., 2 vols. (Hamburg, 1904; 3rd ed. 1966);
Neue Abhandlungen über den menschlichen Verstand,
E. Cassirer, ed. and tr. (3rd ed., 1915; Hamburg, 1971);
the same work, edited and translated by H. H. Holz and
W. von Engelhardt, 2 vols. (Frankfurt, 1961); Die Theodizee,
A. Buchenau, ed. and tr. (Hamburg, 2nd ed., 1968);
Schöpferische Vernunft, W. von Engelhardt, ed. and tr.
(Marburg, 1952); Metaphysische Abhandlung, H. Herring,
ed. and tr. (Hamburg, 1958); Fragmente zur Logik,
F. Schmidt, ed. and tr. (Berlin, 1960); Vernunftprinzipien
der Natur und der Gnade. Monadologie, H. Herring, ed.,
A. Buchenau, tr. (Hamburg, 1960); Kleine Schriften zur
Metaphysik, H. H. Holz, ed., 2 vols. (Frankfurt-Vienna,
1966-1967).
Bibliographical material on the works of Leibniz and
the secondary literature can be found in E. Ravier,
Bibliographie des oeuvres de Leibniz (Paris, 1937; Hildesheim,
1966), additional material in P. Schrecker, “Une
bibliographie de Leibniz,” in Revue philosophique de la
France et de l'Étranger, 126 (1938), 324-346; Albert
Rivaud, Catalogue critique des manuscrits de Leibniz
Fasc. II (Mars 1672-Novembre 1676) (Poitiers, 1914-1924;
repr. New York-Hildesheim, 1972); K. Müller,
Leibniz-Bibliographie. Verzeichnis der Literatur über Leibniz
(Frankfurt, 1967). Bibliographical supplements appear
regularly in Studia Leibnitiana. Vierteljahresschrift für
Philosophie und Geschichte der Wissenschaften, K. Müller
and W. Totok, eds., 1 (1969); G. Utermöhlen,
“Leibniz-Bibliographie
1967-1968,” 1 (1969), 293-320; G. Utermöhlen
and A. Schmitz, “Leibniz-Bibliographie. Neue
Titel 1968-1970,” 2 (1970), 302-320; A. Koch-Klose and
A. Hölzer, “Leibniz-Bibliographie. Neue Titel 1969-1971,”
3 (1971), 309-320.
II. SECONDARY LITERATURE.
The literature on Leibniz'
philosophy and science is so extensive that a complete
presentation cannot be given. In the following selection,
more recent works have been preferred, especially those
which may provide additional views on the philosophy and
science of Leibniz.