LESSON LXIV: Formation and Comparison of Adverbs
Formation of Adverbs
595. Most adverbs are formed from adjectives and end in ως. Thus:
ADJECTIVE. | STEM. | GENITIVE PLURAL. | ADVERB. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
δίκαιος | just | δικαιο | δικαίων | δικαίως |
κακός | bad | κακο | κακῶν | κακῶς |
ἀσφαλής | secure | ἀσφαλεσ | ἀσφαλῶν | ἀσφαλῶς |
ἡδύς | pleasant | ἡδυ | ἡδέων | ἡδέως |
596. 1. Adverbs formed from adjectives of the vowel declension add ως to the stem, the last vowel of which is lengthened, and have the accent of the genitive plural neuter (i.e. δικαίως and κακῶς).
2. Adverbs formed from adjectives of the consonant declension add ως to the stem, which takes the same form as before ων in the genitive plural neuter. The adverb is contracted when the genitive plural is contracted and has its accent (i.e. ἀσφαλῶς and ἡδέως).
Comparative and Superlative Adverbs
597. The neuter accusative singular of the comparative of an adjective forms the comparative of the corresponding adverb, and the neuter accusative plural of the superlative forms the superlative of the adverb.
598. VOCABULARY.
ἀνδρεῖος, ᾱ, ον (cf. ἀνήρ) | manly, brave. |
ἀνδρείως (cf. ἀνδρεῖος) | adv., bravely. |
βαρβαρικῶς (cf. βαρβαρικός) | adv., in the barbarian tongue, e.g. in Persian. |
δι-άγω | of time, pass, live, continue. |
Ἑλληνικῶς (cf. Ἑλληνικός) | adv., in Greek. |
εὐδαιμόνως (cf. εὐδαίμων) | happily. |
ἰσχῡρῶς (cf. ἰσχῡρός) | adv., strongly, vehemently, with severity. |
κινδῡνεύω, κινδῡνεύσω, etc. (cf. κίνδῡνος) | be in peril, run a risk, encounter danger. |
πονέω, πονήσω, etc. (cf. πόνος) | toil, labor, undergo hardship. |
πόνος, ου, ὁ | toil, labor, hardship. |
προθύμως (cf. πρόθῡμος) | adv., eagerly. |
χαλεπαίνω (χαλεπαν), χαλεπανῶ, ἐχαλέπηνα, ἐχαλεπάνθην (cf. χαλεπός) | be severe or violent, be angry. |
599. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
1. εὐδαιμόνως διάγουσιν οἱ ἀνδρεῖοι ἕως ἂν ζῶσι. |
2. ἀκούσαντες δ᾿ οἱ στρατιῶται ἐχαλέπαινον καὶ ὠργίζοντο ἰσχῡρῶς τῷ Κλεάρχῳ. |
3. εἰ ἀνάγκη ἐστὶ μάχεσθαι, ἀνδρείως μαχώμεθα. |
4. τί ὑπ᾿ ἐμοῦ ἀδικούμενος κακῶς ἐποίεις τὴν ἐμὴν χώρᾱν; |
5. οὔτε κινδῡνεύσαντες οὔτε πονήσαντες πλέον προυτῑμῶντο1 τῶν ἄλλων στρατιωτῶν ὑπὸ Κύρου. |
6. οἱ δ᾿ Ἕλληνες ἀσφαλῶς ἐπορεύοντο τὸ λοιπὸν τῆς ἡμέρᾱς. |
7. καὶ βοᾷ καὶ βαρβαρικῶς καὶ Ἑλληνικῶς ὅτι βασιλεὺς σὺν στρατεύματι πολλῷ ἐγγύς ἐστιν. |
8. ὥστε ἡδέως καὶ προθύμως ἐπόνουν. |
9. ἀκούοντες τὴν Κύρου ἀρετὴν ἥδῑον καὶ προθῡμότερον συνεπορεύοντο. |
10. τοῦτο δὴ δεῖ λέγειν, πῶς ἂν πορευοίμεθά τε ὡς2 ἀσφαλέστατα, καὶ εἰ μάχεσθαι δέοι, ὡς κράτιστα μαχοίμεθα. |
11. ἐν πόνοις ὄντες πολλοῖς σχολαίως ἐπορεύοντο. |
NOTES.—1 By contraction for προ-ετῑμῶντο.—2 as safely as possible. ὡς strengthens the superlative. Cf. 579, 9.—3 toil more (πλέον).
601. He promises Great Rewards.
“Ὥστε οὐ τοῦτο δέδοικα μὴ οὐκ ἔχω δῶρα ἱκανὰ τοῖς
φίλοις ἐὰν καλῶς καταπράξω ἐφ᾿ ἃ στρατεύομαι, ἀλλὰ μὴ
οὐκ ἔχω ἱκανοὺς φίλους. ὑμῶν δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ στέφανον
ἑκάστῳ χρῡσοῦν δώσω.” οἱ δὲ ταῦτα ἀκούσαντες
NOTES.—1. ἔχω: subjunctive after a verb of fearing (334).—4. δώσω: I will give, future of δίδωμι.—7. σφίσιν: indirect reflexive (437).