LESSON LII: Participles Active.
Formation of the Participle
482. The participle occurs in the present, future, aorist,
perfect, and future perfect tenses.
483. Learn the present, aorist, perfect and future perfect forms of the active participles and their declension. The future participle λύσων, about to loose, is declined like λύων.
| Masculine Present Active Participle of λύω (λύων (λῡοντ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λύων |
| Genitive Singular | λύοντος |
| Dative Singular | λύοντι |
| Accusative Singular | λύοντα |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λύοντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λῡόντοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λύοντες |
| Genitive Plural | λῡόντων |
| Dative Plural | λύουσι |
| Accusative Plural | λύοντας |
| Feminine Present Active Participle of λύω (λύων (λῡοντ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λύουσα |
| Genitive Singular | λῡούσης |
| Dative Singular | λῡούσῃ |
| Accusative Singular | λύουσαν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λῡούσᾱ |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λῡούσαιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λύουσαι |
| Genitive Plural | λῡουσῶν |
| Dative Plural | λῡοὑσαις |
| Accusative Plural | λῡούσᾱς |
| Neuter Present Active Participle of λύω (λύων (λῡοντ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λῦ-ον |
| Genitive Singular | λύ-οντος |
| Dative Singular | λύ-οντι |
| Accusative Singular | λῦ-ον |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λύ-οντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λῡ-όντοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λύ-οντα |
| Genitive Plural | λῡ-όντων |
| Dative Plural | λύ-ουσι |
| Accusative Plural | λύ-οντα |
| Masculine Aorist Active Participle of λύω (λύσᾱς (λῡσαντ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λύ-σᾱς |
| Genitive Singular | λῡ-σάσης |
| Dative Singular | λύ-σαντι |
| Accusative Singular | λύ-σαντα |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λύ-σαντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λῡ-σάντοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λύ-σαντες |
| Genitive Plural | λῡ-σάντων |
| Dative Plural | λύ-σᾱσι |
| Accusative Plural | λύ-σαντας |
| Feminine Aorist Active Participle of λύω (λύσᾱς (λῡσαντ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λύ-σᾱσα |
| Genitive Singular | λύ-σαντος |
| Dative Singular | λῡ-σάσῃ |
| Accusative Singular | λύ-σᾱσαν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λῡ-σάσᾱ |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λῡ-σάσαιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λύ-σᾱσαι |
| Genitive Plural | λῡ-σᾱσῶν |
| Dative Plural | λῡ-σάσαις |
| Accusative Plural | λῡ-σάσᾱς |
| Neuter Aorist Active Participle of λύω (λύσᾱς (λῡσαντ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λῦ-σαν |
| Genitive Singular | λῡ-σάσης |
| Dative Singular | λύ-σαντι |
| Accusative Singular | λῦ-σαν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λύ-σαντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λῡ-σάντοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λύ-σαντα |
| Genitive Plural | λῡ-σάντων |
| Dative Plural | λύ-σᾱσι |
| Accusative Plural | λύ-σαντα |
| Masculine Perfect Active Participle of λύω (λελυκώς (λελυκοτ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λελυκώς |
| Genitive Singular | λελυκότος |
| Dative Singular | λελυκὀτι |
| Accusative Singular | λελυκότα |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λελυκότε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λελυκότοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λελυκότες |
| Genitive Plural | λελυκότων |
| Dative Plural | λελυκόσι |
| Accusative Plural | λελυκότας |
| Feminine Perfect Active Participle of λύω (λελυκώς (λελυκοτ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λελυκυῖα |
| Genitive Singular | λελυκυίᾱς |
| Dative Singular | λελυκυἰᾳ |
| Accusative Singular | λελυκυῖαν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λελυκυίᾱ |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λελυκυίαιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λελυκυῖαι |
| Genitive Plural | λελυκυιῶν |
| Dative Plural | λελυκυίαις |
| Accusative Plural | λελυκυίᾱς |
| Neuter Perfect Active Participle of λύω (λελυκώς (λελυκοτ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λελυκός |
| Genitive Singular | λελυκότος |
| Dative Singular | λελυκότι |
| Accusative Singular | λελυκός |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λελυκότε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λελυκότοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λελυκότα |
| Genitive Plural | λελυκότων |
| Dative Plural | λελυκόσι |
| Accusative Plural | λελυκότα |
| Masculine Future Perfect Active Participle of λύω (λυθείς (λυθεντ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυθείς |
| Genitive Singular | λυθέντος |
| Dative Singular | λυθέντι |
| Accusative Singular | λυθέντα |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λυθέντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λυθέντοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυθέντες |
| Genitive Plural | λυθέντων |
| Dative Plural | λυθεῖσι |
| Accusative Plural | λυθέντας |
| Feminine Future Perfect Active Participle of λύω (λυθείς (λυθεντ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυθεῖσα |
| Genitive Singular | λυθείσης |
| Dative Singular | λυθείσῃ |
| Accusative Singular | λυθεῖσαν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λυθείσᾱ |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λυθείσαιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυθεῖσαι |
| Genitive Plural | λυθεισῶν |
| Dative Plural | λυθείσαις |
| Accusative Plural | λυθείσᾱς |
| Neuter Future Perfect Active Participle of λύω (λυθείς (λυθεντ)) |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | λυθέν |
| Genitive Singular | λυθέντος |
| Dative Singular | λυθέντι |
| Accusative Singular | λυθέν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | λυθέντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual | λυθέντοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | λυθέντα |
| Genitive Plural | λυθέντων |
| Dative Plural | λυθεῖσι |
| Accusative Plural | λυθέντα |
484. Participles form their stems by a special suffix added to the
tense stems. In the active this is ντ, except in the perfect, where the
suffix is οτ, as λῡο-ντ, λῡσο-ντ, λῡσα-ντ, λελυκ-οτ. In the perfect final α
of the stem is dropped before οτ. The perfect active participle is oxytone.
The Present Participle of εἰμί
485. The present participle of εἰμί is ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν (795).
Contracted Participles
486. Participles in αων, εων, and οων are contracted. Learn the
declension of τῑμῶν and ποιῶν. δηλῶν is declined
exactly like ποιῶν.
| Masculine Present Active Participle of τῑμῶν |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | τῑμῶν |
| Genitive Singular | τῑμῶντος |
| Dative Singular | τῑμῶντι |
| Accusative Singular | τῑμῶντα |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | τῑμῶντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual τῑμώντοιν | τῑμώσαιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | τῑμῶντες |
| Genitive Plural | τῑμώντων |
| Dative Plural | τῑμῶσι |
| Accusative Plural | τῑμῶντας |
| Feminine Present Active Participle of τῑμῶν |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | τῑμῶσα |
| Genitive Singular | τῑμώσης |
| Dative Singular | τῑμώσῃ |
| Accusative Singular | τῑμῶσαν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | τῑμώσᾱ |
| Genitive and Dative Dual τῑμώντοιν | τῑμώντοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | τῑμῶσαι |
| Genitive Plural | τῑμωσῶν |
| Dative Plural | τῑμώσαις |
| Accusative Plural | τῑμώσᾱς |
| Neuter Present Active Participle of τῑμῶν |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | τῑμῶν |
| Genitive Singular | τῑμῶντος |
| Dative Singular | τῑμῶντι |
| Accusative Singular | τῑμῶν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | τῑμῶντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual τῑμώντοιν | ποιούντοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | τῑμῶντα |
| Genitive Plural | τῑμώντων |
| Dative Plural | τῑμῶσι |
| Accusative Plural | τῑμῶντα |
| Masculine Present Active Participle of ποιῶν |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | ποιῶν |
| Genitive Singular | ποιοῦντος |
| Dative Singular | ποιοῦντι |
| Accusative Singular | ποιοῦντα |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | ποιοῦντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual τῑμώντοιν | ποιούσαιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | ποιοῦντες |
| Genitive Plural | ποιούντων |
| Dative Plural | ποιοῦσι |
| Accusative Plural | ποιοῦντας |
| Feminine Present Active Participle of ποιῶν |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | ποιοῦσα |
| Genitive Singular | ποιούσης |
| Dative Singular | ποιούσῃ |
| Accusative Singular | ποιοῦσαν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | ποιούσᾱ |
| Genitive and Dative Dual τῑμώντοιν | ποιούντοιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | ποιοῦσαι |
| Genitive Plural | ποιουσῶν |
| Dative Plural | ποιούσαις |
| Accusative Plural | ποιούσᾱς |
| Neuter Present Active Participle of ποιῶν |
|---|
| Nominative Singular Vocative Singular | ποιοῦν |
| Genitive Singular | ποιοῦντος |
| Dative Singular | ποιοῦντι |
| Accusative Singular | ποιοῦν |
| Nominative Accusative and Vocative Dual | ποιοῦντε |
| Genitive and Dative Dual τῑμώντοιν | ποιούσαιν |
| Nominative and Vocative Plural | ποιοῦντα |
| Genitive Plural | ποιούντων |
| Dative Plural | ποιοῦσι |
| Accusative Plural | ποιοῦντα |
Use of the Participle
487. The participle constantly occurs in Greek where
English uses a relative clause. E.g.:
1. οὐκ ἐφίλει τὸν βασιλεύοντα Ἀρταξέρξην, she did not love Ariaxerxes, who was king.
2. ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμὸν πορεύονται, ὄντα τὸ εὖρος πλέθρου, they proceed to the river, which is a hundred feet wide.
3. τῷ τοὺς ἵππους λύσαντι ὠργίζετο, he was angry with the man who had loosed the horses.
4. οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ ὑμᾶς πάντας ἀδικήσοντες, these are the men who will wrong you all.
Attributive Participles
An attributive participle may thus be used like an adjective to qualify a
noun (cf. 1, 2); or the noun may be omitted, and the participle with the
article may itself be used as a noun (cf. 3, 4). These participles denote
time present, past, or future, relatively to the time of the leading verb.
Grammatical Notes
843. Verbs signifying to be or become and other copulative verbs may
have a predicate genitive expressing any of the relations of the attributive
genitive (841). Thus, τίνος ἐστὶν ὁ ἵππος; who owns the horse? ὁ
Χάλος ἐστὶ τὸ εὖρος πλέθρου, the Chalus is one hundred feet broad, ἦν δὲ
καὶ οὗτος τῶν Μίλητον πολιορκούντων, he too was one of these who were
besieging Miletus.
860. Certain intransitive verbs take the dative, many of which in
English may have a direct object without to. The verbs of this class
which are not translated with to in English are chiefly those signifying to
benefit, serve, obey, defend, assist, please, trust, satisfy, advise, exhort, or any
of their opposites; also those expressing friendliness, hostility, blame, abuse,
reproach, envy, anger, threats. Thus, οἱ πρόσθεν ἡμῖν βοηθήσαντες, those
who have previously helped us, πείθεται τῷ στρατηγῷ, he obeys his commander,
πιστεύουσι τῷ Κύρῳ, they trust Cyrus, παρεκελεύοντο ἀλλήλοις, they exhorted
one another, ὠργίζοντο ἰσχῡρῶς τῷ Κλεάρχῳ, they were excessively angry
with Clearchus.
866. The dative is used to denote cause, manner, and means or instrument.
Thus, φιλίᾳ καὶ εὐνοίᾳ ἐβοήθουν αὐτῷ, they helped him because of
their friendship and good will, πορεύονται κύκλῳ, they advance in a circle,
αὐτοὺς φοβοῦσι τῇ κραυγῇ, they frighten them by their uproar, diabaqinoysi
πλοίοις, they cross in boats, βούλεται ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι, he wishes to use (i.e. serve
himself by) us, γένει προσήκει βασιλεῖ, in family he is related to the king.
488. VOCABULARY.
| ἰπ-έχω | keep off; intrans., be distant. |
| βοηθέω, βοηθήσω, ἐβοήθησα, βεβοήθηκα, βεβοήθημαι | run in order to aid, help, asist. |
| ώδεκα | indecl., twelve. |
| ὔνοια, ᾱς, ἡ (cf. εὔνους) | good will, fidelity. |
| ἰκέω, οἰκήσω, etc. (cf. οἰκίᾱ) | inhabit, dwell; pass., be inhabited, be situated. |
| οἴομαι, οἰήσομαι, ᾠήθην | think, expect. |
| Ὀρόντᾱς, ᾱ | (Doric gen.) or ου, ὁ, Orontas. |
| οὐδέ-ποτε (οὐδέ+ποτέ | ever), adv., never. |
| πάρ-ειμι | be near or present; τὰ παρόντα, the present circumstances. |
| πρόσθεν (cf. πρός) | adv., before, previously. |
| φιλίᾱ, ᾱς, ἡ (cf. φίλος) | friendship. |
| χαλεπός, ή, όν | hard, difficult. |
489. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
| 1. τριήρεις γὰρ ἔχει ὁ κωλύσων ἡμᾶς. |
| 2. οἱ πρόσθεν ἡμῖν1 βοηθήσαντες τοὺς ὅρκους λελύκᾱσιν. |
| 3. ὦ ἄνδρες στρατιῶται, χαλεπά ἐστι τὰ παρόντα. |
| 4. ᾤετο γὰρ τοὺς κωλύσοντας εἶναι πέρᾱν τοῦ ποταμοῦ. |
| 5. πρὸς τῷ ποταμῷ κώμη ᾠκεῖτο, ἀπέχουσα τοῦ ποταμοῦ παρασάγγην. |
| 6. Κλέαρχος γὰρ φιλίᾳ2 καὶ εὐνοίᾳ2 βοηθοῦντας οὐδέποτε εἶχεν. |
| 7. τῶν γὰρ νῑκώντων3 ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ ἑαυτῶν σῴζειν. |
| 8. ἐρωτᾷ τί τὸ κωλῦόν4 ἐστι πορεύεσθαι. |
| 9. ἔφη τὸν μὲν καλῶς ποιοῦντα ἐπαινεῖν, τὸν δὲ ἀδικοῦντα οὐκ ἐπαινεῖν. |
NOTES.—1 The dative of the indirect object follows verbs signifying
to aid, assist, and the like (860).—2 Dative of cause (866).—3 Predicate
genitive of possession (843).—4 the thing which hinders, i.e. the hindrance.
491. The Traitor betrayed.
τῷ δὲ Κύρῳ ἀκούσαντι ταῦτα ἐδόκει ὠφέλιμα εἶναι, καὶ
ἐκέλευσεν Ὀρόντᾱν λαμβάνειν μέρος παρ᾿ ἑκάστου τῶν
ἡγεμόνων. ὁ δ᾿ Ὀρόντᾱς νομίσᾱς ἑτοίμους εἶναι αὐτῷ
τοὺς ἄνδρας γράφει ἐπιστολὴν παρὰ Ἀρταξέρξην ὅτι
ἥξει στρατιώτᾱς ἔχων· ἀλλὰ φράσαι τοῖς ἑαυτοῦ στρατιώταις
ἐκέλευεν ὡς (as) φίλον αὐτὸν ὑποδέχεσθαι. ἐνῆν
δὲ ἐν τῇ ἐπιστολῇ καὶ τῆς πρόσθεν φιλίᾱς ὑπμνήματα
καὶ πίστεως. ταύτην τὴν ἐπιστολὴν δίδωσι πιστῷ ἀνδρί,
ὡς ᾤετο· ὁ δὲ Κύρῳ δίδωσιν.
NOTES.—1. ταῦτα: subject of ἐδόκει.—ὠφέλιμα: for the meaning, cf.
ὠφελέω.—2. τῶν ἡγεμόνων: the commanders of Cyrus’s native troops.—
5. ἑαυτοῦ: refers to Artaxerxes.—6. αὐτόν: i.e. Orontas.—7. τῆς πρόσθεν
φιλίᾱς: their former friendship (811).—8. δίδωσι: he gives.
REVIEW AND PRACTICE:
