LESSON XLVII: Personal Pronouns.
Declension of the Personal Pronouns
433. The personal pronouns are ἐγώ, Ι, σύ, you, and οὗ (genitive), of him, of her, of it.
ἐγώ, Ι | |
---|---|
Nominative Singular | ἐγώ |
Genitive Singular | ἐνοῦ, μοῦ |
Dative Singular | ἐμοί, μοί |
Accusative Singular | ἐμέ, μέ |
Nominative and Accusative Dual | νώ |
Genitive and Dative Dual | νῷν |
Nominative Plural | ἡμεῖς |
Genitive Plural | ἡμῶν |
Dative Plural | ἡμῖν |
Accusative Plural | ἡμᾶς |
σύ, you | |
---|---|
Nominative Singular | σύ |
Genitive Singular | σοῦ |
Dative Singular | σοί |
Accusative Singular | σέ |
Nominative and Accusative Dual | σφώ |
Genitive and Dative Dual | σφῷν |
Nominative Plural | ὑμεῖς |
Genitive Plural | ὑμῶν |
Dative Plural | ὑμῖν |
Accusative Plural | ὑμᾶς |
οὗ (genitive), of him, of her, of it. | |
---|---|
Genitive Singular | οὑ |
Dative Singular | οἶ |
Accusative Singular | ἕ |
Nominative Plural | σφεῖς |
Genitive Plural | σφῶν |
Dative Plural | σφίσι |
Accusative Plural | σφᾶς |
Notes on the Formation and Use of Personal Pronouns
435. The forms μοῦ, μοί, μέ; σοῦ, σοί, σέ; οὗ, οἷ, ἕ, are enclitic. But if the pronoun is emphatic, the enclitic forms of the pronoun retain their accent, and in the first person the longer forms ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί, ἐμέ, are then used. This generally happens also after prepositions.
436. The nominatives of the personal pronouns are seldom used, except for emphasis.
Thus, μὴ φεύγωμεν, let us not flee; σύ τε γὰρ Ἕλλην εἶ καὶ ἡμεῖς, for you are a Greek and so are we Greeks.
437. The pronoun of the third person, οὗ, οἶ, ἕ, etc., is generally an indirect reflexive in Attic prose, i.e. it is used in a dependent clause to refer to the subject of the leading verb.
Thus, φοβοῦνται μὴ οἱ βάρβαροι σφίσιν οὐχ ἕπωνται, they fear that the barbarians will not follow them.
438. To supply the place of a pronoun of the third person the oblique cases of αὐτός are used. Review Lesson 17.
Grammatical Notes
837. The accusative follows the adverbs of swearing νή and μά, by. An oath introduced by νή is affirmative; one introduced by μά is negative. Thus, νὴ Δία, yes, by Zeus! μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς οὐκ αὐτοὺς διώξω, by Heaven, I will not pursue them!
866. The dative is used to denote cause, manner, and means or instrument. Thus, φιλίᾳ καὶ εὐνοίᾳ ἐβοήθουν αὐτῷ, they helped him because of their friendship and good will, πορεύονται κύκλῳ, they advance in a circle, αὐτοὺς φοβοῦσι τῇ κραυγῇ, they frighten them by their uproar, diabaqinoysi πλοίοις, they cross in boats, βούλεται ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι, he wishes to use (i.e. serve himself by) us, γένει προσήκει βασιλεῖ, in family he is related to the king.
439. VOCABULARY.
ἀξίη, ης, ἡ | axe. |
δαπανάω, δαπανήσω etc., | spend, expend. |
ἐγώ, ἐμοῦ or μοῦ | pers. pron., I; stronger form ἔγωγε, I for my part. |
κατα-σκέπτομαι etc., | view closely. |
μά | adv., by, used in negative oaths. |
ξύλον, ου, τό | wood, piece of wood; plur., wood, fuel. |
οὗ | dat. οἷ, pers. pron., of himself. |
οὔπω (οὐ + πώ, yet) | adv., not yet. |
προσ-ελαύνω | ride towards or on. |
σκέπτομαι (σκεπ), σκέψομαι etc., | mid. dep., view, spy out, search. |
σύ, σοῦ | pers. pron., thou, you, Latin tū. |
σχίζω (σχιδ), ἔσχισα, ἐσχίσθην | split. |
ὥρᾶ, ᾶς ἡ, | time, season, hour, proper time. |
440. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
1. ἀλλ᾿ εἰς ὑμᾶς τοὺς δᾱρεικοὺς ἐδαπάνων. |
2. ὁ αὐτὸς στόλος ἐστὶν ὑμῖν τε καὶ ἡμῖν. |
3. παρὰ τῇ σκηνῇ σου ξύλα ἔσχιζεν ἀξίνῃ1 ὁ στρατιώτης. |
4. νομίζω γὰρ ὑμᾶς ἐμοὶ εἶναι φίλους. |
5. ἀλλὰ μὰ τοὺς θεοὺς2 οὐκ ἔγωγε αὐτοὺς διώξω. |
6. ἐμοὶ οὖν οὔπω δοκεῖ ὥρᾱ εἶναι ἡμῖν τοῦτο σκέπτεσθαι. |
7. Ξενοφῶν αὐτὸν κελεύει οἱ3 συμπέμπειν ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος ἄνδρας. |
8. ἐγὼ οὖν λέγω ὅτι σὲ δεῖ προσελαύνειν καὶ πάντα κατασκέπτεσθαι. |
9. οἱ δὲ στρατηγοὶ αὐτὸν ἐρωτῶσι τί σφίσιν ἔσται ἐὰν νῖκήσωσι. |
10. ἀλλ᾿ ἐπεὶ ὑμεῖς ἐμοὶ οὐκ ἐθέλετε πείθεσθαι οὐδὲ ἕπεσθαι, ἐγὼ σὺν ὑμῖν ἕψομαι. |
NOTES.—1 Dative of instrument (866).—2 The accusative follows the adverb μά in a negative oath (837).—3 Observe that this is the dative, and cf. 437.—4 I.e. to me.—5 cf. 437.
442. The Life of Clearchus is in Great Danger.
τῇ δὲ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ Κλέαρχος ἧκεν εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν τὴν
παρὰ τῷ ποταμῷ. ἐπειδὴ δὲ αὐτὴν κατεσκέψατο, ἀφιππεύει
πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ σκηνὴν διὰ τοῦ Μένωνος στρατεύματος
σὺν ὀλίγοις τοῖς περὶ αὐτόν. Κῦρος δὲ οὔπω
NOTES.—3. ἑαυτοῦ: of himself, his own.—7. ἄλλος: sc. πειρᾶται βάλλειν.