LESSON XXXI: Deponent Verbs. Conditional Sentences.
Paradigm Review
296. Review the complete indicative of λύω and of the perfect and pluperfect indicative middle and passive of the mute verbs ἄγω and πείθω.
Paradigm Review - λύω
Present Active Indicative Of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | λύω |
Second Person Singular | λύεις |
Third Person Singular | λύει |
Second Person Dual | λύετον |
Third Person Dual | λύετον |
First Person Plural | λύομεν |
Second Person Plural | λύετε |
Third Person Plural | λύουσι |
Present Middle and Passive Indicative Of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | λύο-μαι |
Second Person Singular | λύει |
Third Person Singular | λύε-ται |
Second Person Dual | λύε-σθον |
Third Person Dual | λύε-σθον |
First Person Plural | λῡό-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | λύε-σθε |
Third Person Plural | λύο-νται |
Imperfect Active Indicative Of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | ἔλῡον |
Second Person Singular | ἔλῡες |
Third Person Singular | ἔλῡε |
Second Person Dual | ἐλύετον |
Third Person Dual | ἐλῡέτην |
First Person Plural | ἐλύομεν |
Second Person Plural | ἐλύετε |
Third Person Plural | ἔλῡον |
Imperfect Middle and Passive Indicative Of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | ἐ-λῡό-μην |
Second Person Singular | ἐ-λύου |
Third Person Singular | ἐ-λύε-το |
Second Person Dual | ἐ-λύε-σθον |
Third Person Dual | ἐ-λῡέ-σθην |
First Person Plural | ἐ-λῡό-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | ἐ-λύε-σθε |
Third Person Plural | ἐ-λύο-ντο |
Future Active Indicative of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | λύσω |
Second Person Singular | λύσεις |
Third Person Singular | λύσει |
Second Person Dual | λύσετον |
Third Person Dual | λύσετον |
First Person Plural | λύσομεν |
Second Person Plural | λύσετε |
Third Person Plural | λύσουσι |
Future Middle Indicative of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | λύσο-μαι |
Second Person Singular | λύσει |
Third Person Singular | λύσε-ται |
Second Person Dual | λύσε-σθον |
Third Person Dual | λύσε-σθον |
First Person Plural | λῡσό-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | λύσε-σθε |
Third Person Plural | λύσο-νται |
Future Passive Indicative Passive of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | λυθήσο-μαι |
Second Person Singular | λυθήσει |
Third Person Singular | λυθήσε-ται |
Second Person Dual | λυθήσε-σθον |
Third Person Dual | λυθήσε-σθον |
First Person Plural | λυθησό-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | λυθήσε-σθε |
Third Person Plural | λυθήσον-ται |
First Aorist Active Indicative of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | ἕλῡσα |
Second Person Singular | ἔλῡσας |
Third Person Singular | ἔλῡσε |
Second Person Dual | ἐλύσατον |
Third Person Dual | ἐλῡσάτην |
First Person Plural | ἐλύσαμεν |
Second Person Plural | ἐλύσατε |
Third Person Plural | ἔλῡσαν |
First Aorist Indicative Middle of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | ἐ-λῡσά-μην |
Second Person Singular | ἐ-λύσω |
Third Person Singular | ἐ-λύσα-το |
Second Person Dual | ἐ-λύσα-σθον |
Third Person Dual | ἐ-λῡσά-σθην |
First Person Plural | ἐ-λῡσά-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | ἐ-λύσα-σθε |
Third Person Plural | ἐλύσα-ντο |
First Aorist Indicative Passive of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | ἐ-λύθη-ν |
Second Person Singular | ἐ-λύθη-ς |
Third Person Singular | ἐ-λύθη |
Second Person Dual | ἐ-λύθη-τον |
Third Person Dual | ἐ-λυθή-την |
First Person Plural | ἐ-λύθη-μεν |
Second Person Plural | ἐ-λύθη-τε |
Third Person Plural | ἐ-λύθη-σαν |
First Perfect Active Indicative Of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | λέλυκα |
Second Person Singular | λέλυκας |
Third Person Singular | λέλυκε |
Second Person Dual | λελύκατον |
Third Person Dual | λελύκατον |
First Person Plural | λελύκαμεν |
Second Person Plural | λελύκατε |
Third Person Plural | λελύκᾱσι |
Perfect Middle and Passive Indicative of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | λέλυ-μαι |
Second Person Singular | λέλυ-σαι |
Third Person Singular | λέλυ-ται |
Second Person Dual | λέλυ-σθον |
Third Person Dual | λέλυ-σθον |
First Person Plural | λελύ-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | λέλυ-σθε |
Third Person Plural | λέλυ-νται |
Pluperfect Active Indicative Of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | ἐλελύκη |
Second Person Singular | ἐλελύκης |
Third Person Singular | ἐλελύκει |
Second Person Dual | ἐλελύκετον |
Third Person Dual | ἐλελυκέτην |
First Person Plural | ἐλελύκεμεν |
Second Person Plural | ἐλελύκετε |
Third Person Plural | ἐλελύκεσαν |
Pluperfect Middle and Passive Indicative of λύω | |
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First Person Singular | ἐ-λελύ-μην |
Second Person Singular | ἐ-λέλυ-σο |
Third Person Singular | ἐ-λέλυ-το |
Second Person Dual | ἐ-λέλυ-σθον |
Third Person Dual | ἐ-λελύ-σθην |
First Person Plural | ἐ-λελύ-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | ἐ-λέλυ-σθε |
Third Person Plural | ἐ-λέλυ-ντο |
Paradigm Review - Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative Middle and Passive of Mute Verbs
Perfect Indicative Middle and Passive of ἄγω | |
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First Person Singular | (ἠγ-μαι) ἦγ-μαι |
Second Person Singular | (ἠγ-σαι) ἦξαι |
Third Person Singular | (ἠγ-ται) ἦχ-ται |
Second Person Dual | (ἠγ-σθον) ἦχ-θον |
Third Person Dual | (ἠγ-σθον) ἦχ-θον |
First Person Plural | (ἠγ-μεθα) ἤγ-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | (ἠγ-σθε) ἦχ-θε |
Third Person Plural | (ἠγ-μενοι) ἠγ-μένοι εἰσί |
Pluperfect Indicative Middle and Passive of ἄγω | |
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First Person Singular | (ἠγ-μην) ἤγ-μην |
Second Person Singular | (ἠγ-σο) ἦξο |
Third Person Singular | (ἠγ-το) ἦκ-το |
Second Person Dual | (ἠγ-σθον) ἦχ-θον |
Third Person Dual | (ἠγ-σθην) ἤχ-θην |
First Person Plural | (ἠγ-μεθα) ἤγ-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | (ἠγ-σθε) ἦχ-θε |
Third Person Plural | (ἠγ-μενοι) ἠγ-μένοι ἦσαν |
Perfect Indicative Middle and Passive of πείθω | |
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First Person Singular | (πεπειθ-μαι) πέπεισ-μαι |
Second Person Singular | (πεπειθ-σαι) πέπει-σαι |
Third Person Singular | (πεπειθ-ται) πέπεισ-ται |
Second Person Dual | (πεπειθ-σθον) πέπει-σθον |
Third Person Dual | (πεπειθ-σθον) πέπει-σθον |
First Person Plural | (πεπειθ-μεθα) πεπείσ-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | (πεπειθ-σθε) πέπει-σθε |
Third Person Plural | (πεπειθ-μενοι) πεπεισ-μένοι εἰσί |
Pluperfect Indicative Middle and Passive of πείθω | |
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First Person Singular | (ἐ-πεπειθ-μην) ἐ-πεπείσ-μην |
Second Person Singular | (ἐ-πεπειθ-σο) ἐ-πέπει-σο |
Third Person Singular | (ἐ-πεπειθ-το) ἐ-πέπεισ-το |
Second Person Dual | (ἐ-πεπειθ-σθον) ἐ-πέπει-σθον |
Third Person Dual | (ἐ-πεπειθ-σθην) ἐ-πεπεί-σθην |
First Person Plural | (ἐ-πεπειθ-μεθα) ἐ-πεπείσ-μεθα |
Second Person Plural | (ἐ-πεπειθ-σθε) ἐ-πέπει-σθε |
Third Person Plural | (ἐ-πεπειθ-μενοι) πεπεισ-μένοι ἦσαν |
Deponent Verbs
297. Many verbs, called DEPONENT Verbs, have no active voice, but are used in the middle or in the middle and passive in an active sense.
298. In most deponent verbs the principal parts are the present, future, aorist, and perfect of the indicative middle. These are called middle deponents. Thus, ἡγέομαι, lead, conduct, ἡγήσομαι, ἡγησάμην, ἥγημαι.
299. A few deponent verbs have the aorist passive instead of the aorist middle. These are called passive deponents. Thus, βούλομαι, will, wish, βουλήσομαι, βεβούλημαι, ἐβουλήθην.
300. Some verbs which have active forms are nevertheless used almost exclusively in the middle, or middle and passive, and practically become deponents, as μεταπέμπομαι and συστρατεύομαι, used as middle deponents, and πορεύομαι, as a passive deponent. See 178.
Conditional Sentences
301. In conditional sentences the clause containing the condition is called the protasis, and that containing the conclusion is called the apodosis. The protasis is introduced by some form of εἰ, if.
302. The supposition contained in a protasis may be either particular or general. A particular supposition refers to a definite act supposed to occur at a definite time. A general supposition refers indefinitely to any act, which may be supposed to occur at any time.
303. The negative of the protasis is regularly μή, that of the apodosis is οὐ.
304. Neutral Conditions: Conditions That Imply Nothing About The Fulfillment of the Condition
1. εἰ πράττει τοῦτο, καλῶς ἔχει, if he is doing this, it is well.
2. εἰ ἔπρᾱξε τοῦτο, καλῶς ἔχει, if he did this, it is well.
The protasis here has the indicative; it states a particular supposition in the present or past, and implies nothing as to its fulfilment. The apodosis has its verb in the present indicative, but it may have any form of the verb demanded by the thought.
305. When the protasis simply states a present or past particular supposition, implying nothing as to the fulfilment of the condition, it has the indicative with εἰ. Any form of the verb may stand in the apodosis.
306. Contra-Factual Conditions: Conditions That Imply That The Condition Was NOT Fulfilled
1. εἰ ἔπρᾱξε τοῦτο, καλῶς ἂν ἔσχεν, if he had done this, it would have been well.
2. εἰ ἔπρᾱττε τοῦτο, καλῶς ἂν εἶχεν, if he were (now) doing this, it would be well; or, as in 306, 1, if he had done this, it would have been well.
The protasis in these examples has a secondary tense of the indicative; it states a supposition in the present or past, and implies that the condition is not, or was not fulfilled. The apodosis has a secondary tense of the indicative with ἄν.
307. 1. When the protasis states a present or past supposition, implying that the condition is not, or was not fulfilled, the secondary tenses of the indicative are used in both protasis and apodosis. The apodosis has the adverb ἄν. 2. The imperfect here refers to present time or to an act as going on or repeated in past time (cf. 306, 2), the aorist to a simple occurrence in past time.
GRAMMATICAL NOTES
847. The genitive follows verbs signifying to rule, lead, or direct. Thus, τῶν ὁπλῑτῶν ἄρχει, he commands the hoplites, Κλέαρχος τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρως ἡγεῖται, Clearchus leads the right wing.
861. The person or thing for whose advantage or disadvantage anything is or is done is put in the dative. This dative is generally introduced in English by for. Thus, ἄλλο στράτευμα Κύρῳ συνελέγετο ἐν Χερρονήσῳ, another force was collected for Cyrus in the Chersonese, ἐμοὶ κακὸν βουλεύεις, you are plotting harm against me. Dative of Advantage or Disadvantage.
866. The dative is used to denote cause, manner, and means or instrument. Thus, φιλίᾳ καὶ εὐνοίᾳ ἐβοήθουν αὐτῷ, they helped him because of their friendship and good will, πορεύονται κύκλῳ, they advance in a circle, αὐτοὺς φοβοῦσι τῇ κραυγῇ, they frighten them by their uproar, diabaqinoysi πλοίοις, they cross in boats, βούλεται ἡμῖν χρῆσθαι, he wishes to use (i.e. serve himself by) us, γένει προσήκει βασιλεῖ, in family he is related to the king.
308. VOCABULARY.
ἀπ-άγω | lead away or back. |
βούλομαι, βουλήσομαι, βεβούλημαι, ἐβουλήθην | will, wish, desire. |
ἡγέομαι, ἡγήσομαι, ἡγησάμην, ἥγημαι (cf. ἄγω) | lead the way, lead, guide, conduct. |
καλῶς (cf. καλός) | adv., beautifully, bravely, finely, successfully, well; καλῶς ἔχει, it is well. |
μή | adv., not. |
πειράομαι, πειράσομαι, πεπείρᾱμαι, ἐπειράθην | try, attempt. |
πράττω(πρᾱγ), πράξω, ἔπρᾱξα, πέπρᾱγα and πέπρᾱχα, πέπρᾱγμαι, ἐπράχθην | do, act, accomplish. |
χράομαι, χρήσομαι, ἐχρησάμην, κέχρημαι (cf. χρῆμα) | use, make use of, employ. |
309. READ ALOUD AND TRANSLATE:
1. Κῦρος τοῖς ἵπποις1 καλῶς ἐχρήσατο. |
2. εἰ ταῦτα ἔπρᾱξαν, καλῶς ἔσχεν. |
3. εἰ ταῦτα ἔπρᾱξαν, καλῶς ἂν ἔσχεν. |
4. Ξενοφῶν ἐβούλετο μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων πορεύεσθαι. |
5. τῷ στρατεύματι2 ἥγηται εἰς τὸ πεδίον. |
6. ἐβουλήθη πέμπειν ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος ὁπλίτᾱς. |
7. τὸν δὲ στρατηγὸν ἐπειρᾶτο πείθειν. |
8. εἰ μὴ βούλεται Κλέαρχος αὐτοὺς ἀπάγειν, ἄλλοι στρατηγοὶ ἡγήσονται. |
9. ἐπορεύετο ἂν ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους, εἰ στράτευμα εἶχεν. |
10. ἀλλ᾿ εἰ βούλονται σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις πορεύεσθαι εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα, ἥκειν κελεύει αὐτοὺς τῆς νυκτός. |
NOTES.—1 χράομαι, use(serve oneself by) takes the dative of means (866). —2 Dative of advantage (861).—3 οὕτως ἔχει.
311. Arrival of the Fleet at Issus with Reinforcements.
ἐντεῦθεν ἐξελαύνει σταθμοὺς πέντε παρασάγγᾱς τριάκοντα
εἰς Ἰσσούς. ἐνταῦθα μένουσιν ἡμέρᾱς τρεῖς· καὶ
Κύρῳ παρῆσαν αἱ ἐκ Πελοποννήσου νῆες τριάκοντα καὶ
πέντε καὶ ἐπ᾿ αὐταῖς ναύαρχος Πῡθαγόρᾱς Λακεδαιμόνιος.
NOTES.—3. νῆες: nominative plural of ναῦς. Cf. Latin nāuēs.— 4. αὐταῖς: refers to νῆες, which is feminine.—ναύαρχος: ναῦς + ἄρχω.— 5. ὥρμουν: see ὁρμέω.—6. μετάπεμπτος: verbal adjective from μεταπέμπομαι. —7. ἐστρατήγει: cf. στρατηγός. The genitive follows στρατηγέω (847).